The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, which includes p38 MAPK and MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) signaling, plays an important role in regulating the functions of RBPs and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (9–13).

Aug 19, 2013 · Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in innate immune cells are activated by a range of pattern recognition receptors, of which the best studied are Toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Toll-like Receptors (TLR) are phylogenetically conserved transmembrane proteins responsible for detection of pathogens and activation of immune responses in diverse animal species. The stimulation of TLR by pathogen-derived molecules leads to the production of pro-inflammatory mediators including cy …

Aug 28, 2015 · In this study, using BMDM and RAW264.7 macrophages we show that enterococcal infection activates ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK as well as NF-κB, and drives polarization of macrophages towards the M1 phenotype.

Mar 17, 2017 · Subsequently, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) promotes translocation of AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1 (AUF-1) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it destabilizes Arid5a mRNA by binding to AU-rich elements in the 3΄ UTR.

Aug 7, 2023 · In this article, we comprehensively review the current knowledge of TLR signaling pathways in atherosclerosis and actively seek potential therapeutic strategies using TLRs as a breakthrough...

To prevent the host cell from becoming a means to immune evasion and/or pathogen proliferation, the TLR pathway activates receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), which will cause programmed cell death if it is not deactivated by the NF-κB and MAPK pathways.

Feb 6, 2013 · The MAPK pathway was critical in both induction of inflammatory mediators and in the control of cognate TLR expression, although the relative importance of ERK, p38 and JNK varied between different TLR.

MyD88 and MAPK pathways play an important role in regulation of phagocytosis of enterococci by macrophages. To reveal the role of TLR2 and MyD88 in phagocytosis of enterococci, we compared the phagocytosis of E. faecalis by macrophages from wild type, TLR2-/-and MyD88-/ …

Specific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting microbial pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound receptors identified as homologs of Toll in Drosophila.