The extended parallel process model (EPPM) is a fear appeal theory developed by communications scholar Kim Witte that illustrates how individuals react to fear-inducing messages. [1]

Based on H. Leventhal's (1970) danger control/fear control framework, a fear appeal theory is proposed, called the extended parallel process model (EPPM). The purpose of the EPPM is to explain why fear appeals fail to re-incorporate fear as a central variable and to specify the relationship between threat and efficacy in propositional forms.

Oct 14, 2011 · The following constructs are central to the EPPM: fear, threat (with its two components—perceived severity and perceived susceptibility), efficacy (comprising self-efficacy and response efficacy), and two types of responses (danger control and fear control).

The EPPM proposes three types of responses to fear appeal messages: danger control, fear control, and no response. This section will describe the first two responses, which received wide coverage in the EPPM literature.

A fear appeal is a message strategy that attempts to persuade people to adopt a specific action by arousing fear. Fear appeals have a long history, including Levanthal’s (1970, 1971) parallel process model and Roger’s (1975, 1983) protection motivation theory.

Jun 2, 2009 · The proposed fear appeal theory, called the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), expands on previous approaches in three ways: (a) by explaining why fear appeals fail; (b) by re‐incorporating fear as a central variable; and (c) by specifying the relationship between threat and efficacy in propositional forms.

The Extended Parallel Processing Model An HC3 Research Primer WHAT IS THE EXTENDED PARALLEL PROCESSING MODEL? eliefs) and emotional reactions (fear of a health threat) combine to determine behavioral decisions act, while one’s confidence to efectively reduce or prevent the threat determines the action itself.

Mar 2, 2025 · The Extended Parallel Process Model employs fear in message framing. This post discusses its key components and how we can use the model.

The Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM; Communication Monographs, 59, 1992, 329) is a predominant message design theory in the social science fear appeal literature that provides a framework for effective communication of health-related information.

Jan 1, 1996 · This chapter discusses the nature of fear; reviews the historical origins of fear appeals; and describes the extended parallel process model (EPPM). Fear is one of the basic human emotions.