Feb 9, 2015 · Here we show the crystal structures of three forms of TLR9: unliganded, bound to agonistic CpG-DNA, and bound to inhibitory DNA (iDNA). Agonistic-CpG-DNA-bound TLR9 formed a symmetric...

Recent studies indicate that mucosal or systemic delivery of CpG DNA can act as a potent adjuvant in a vaccine combination or act alone as an anti-microbial agent. Recently, it was shown that TLR9 is essential for the recognition of unmethylated CpG DNA since cells from TLR9-deficient mice are unresponsive to CpG stimulation.

Jan 11, 2004 · We have found that TLR9 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Because there is no precedent for immune receptor signaling in the ER, we...

May 14, 2013 · Unveiling a previously undescribed role for TRIF and TRAF6 proteins in Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signalling, we demonstrate that physical association of TLR9, TRIF and TRAF6 leads to activation...

Exogenous CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) stimulate TLR9 mediate innate immune signalling, and have been used to study the pathogenesis of sterile inflammation.

Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation activates both the innate and adaptive immune systems, and plays an important role in antiviral and anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, a significant amount of effort has been devoted to exploit the therapeutic potential of TLR agonists.

Sep 1, 2009 · In this report, we used defined dsDNA fragments with a natural (phosphodiester) backbone and show that unmethylated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) dinucleotides within dsDNA are required for murine DC TLR9 activation induced by DNA-containing IC.

CpG ODNs have shown promising results as vaccine adjuvants and in combination with cancer immunotherapy. Several TLR9 agonists are being developed and have entered clinical trials to evaluate their safety and efficacy for the treatment of several hematopoietic and solid tumors.

Oct 1, 2001 · Unmethylated CpG motifs present in bacterial DNA stimulate a rapid and robust innate immune response. Human cell lines and PBMC that recognize CpG DNA express membrane-bound human Toll-like receptor 9 (hTLR9). Cells that are not responsive to CpG DNA become responsive when transfected with hTLR9.

Apr 17, 2018 · Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes DNA containing CpG motifs derived from bacteria and viruses and activates the innate immune response to eliminate them.