In this chapter, the different pollutants of the Nile River are discussed in relation to the biotic and abiotic factors that affect water quality and the aquatic ecosystem.

In this chapter, the different pollutants of the Nile River are discussed in relation to the biotic and abiotic factors that affect water quality and the aquatic ecosystem.

Manzala Lagoon, which is the largest in the Nile Delta, is the most affected ecosystem (Abdelhady et al., 2018). Therefore we aim to test whether the ecosystem of the Manzala Lagoon was relatively stable through time or there are pieces of evidence for alternative community structure.

A river delta is a landform shaped like a triangle, created by the deposition of sediment that is carried by a river and enters slower-moving or stagnant water. The Nile delta formed in Lower Egypt where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea.

The Nile Delta region has experienced significant growth as a result of the construction of dams and barrages along the Nile River. These infrastructure developments have played a vital role in regulating flooding, facilitating irrigation, and generating hydropower.