Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages …

The stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the release of critical proinflammatory cytokines that are necessary to activate potent immune responses. …

TLR4 has now been established as the receptor for LPS; however, in addition to this, TLR4 also recognizes lipoteichoic acid (LTA), fibronectin, the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus …

Mar 18, 2025 · The LPS-TLR4 immune response is a critical mechanism in the body's defense against Gram-negative bacterial infections, yet its dysregulation can lead to severe …

In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of the internalization and intracellular trafficking of TLR4 and CD14, and also of LPS, in immune cells and discuss how dysregulation of the endo …

Dec 6, 2013 · In this review, we summarize these structures and describe the structural basis of LPS recognition by LPS receptors and accessory proteins.

Glycolipid “lipid A”–a small (~ 2 kDa) amphiphilic terminal fragment of LPS–is responsible for the activation of the host innate immune response through engagement of two major LPS sensing …

May 1, 2008 · The stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the release of critical proinflammatory cytokines that are necessary to activate potent immune …

Apr 16, 1999 · TLR4 is a member of the recently identified Toll-like receptor family of proteins and has been putatively identified as Lps, the gene necessary for potent responses to …

TLRs are important receptors involved in innate immunity, and they can specifically identify and combine pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), triggering a series of signal …