Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes three [1] different mammalian isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 3, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3) and many other signaling proteins. TGFB proteins are produced by all white blood cell lineages.

Transforming growth factor ([attribution needed], or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ. The name "Transforming Growth Factor" is somewhat arbitrary, since the two classes of TGFs are not structurally or genetically related to one another, and they act through different receptor mechanisms .

Mar 22, 2024 · Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular...

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the prototype of the TGF-β family of growth and differentiation factors, which is encoded by 33 genes in mammals and comprises homo- and heterodimers. This review introduces the reader to the TGF-β family ...

TGF-β and its family members—bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), nodal, activins, myostatin, and others, are particularly prominent among these cell communication signals and function as important regulators of cell proliferation and survival.

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, cell motility, extracellular matrix production, angiogenesis, and cellular immunity. It has a paradoxical role in cancer. In the early stages it inhibits cellular …

Mar 22, 2024 · Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular responses and is particularly critical to embryonic development, wound healing, tissue homeostasis, and immune homeostasis …

Feb 13, 2024 · Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is initiated by activation of transmembrane TGF-β receptors (TGFBR), which deploys Smad2/3 transcription factors to control cellular...

Sep 14, 2023 · TGF-β signaling controls metazoan embryo development, tissue homeostasis, and injury repair through coordinated effects on cell proliferation, phenotypic plasticity, migration, metabolic adaptation, and immune surveillance of multiple cell types in shared ecosystems.

Transforming growth factors (TGFs) are GFs that affect different types of cells and can reversibly stimulate or inhibit their growth and transformations. TGF-α in wound site is produced by macrophages and keratinocytes [22]. TGF-α as well as EGF is mitogen for keratinocytes and fibroblasts, but TGF-α also stimulates angiogenesis.