There are three ROS generation sources mentioned in this review that impact T cell activation: NOXs, mitochondrial complexes for OXPHOS, and TCA enzymes. NOXs are a group of enzymes responsible for the transfer of electrons from oxygen to cytoplasmic superoxide.

Although ROS generation via OXPHOS has been well studied over time, recent work has revealed that the TCA cycle also contributes to cellular ROS levels. The TCA cycle functions mainly to convert the metabolic intermediate acetyl …

Jan 21, 2016 · Two notable mitochondrial-dependent signaling mechanisms involve the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for protein thiol oxidation and the release of citrate, which generates acetyl-CoA used for protein lysine acetylation.

In this review, we revisit the TCA cycle, including its potential origins and the history of its discovery. We provide a detailed accounting of the requirements for sustained TCA cycle function and the critical regulatory nodes that can stimulate or constrain TCA cycle activity.

Aug 13, 2019 · This stimulating effect is ascribed to hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) that activates Akt and NF-κB, dependent on the attenuated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

Aug 1, 2007 · These findings uncover an intricate link between TCA cycle and ROS homeostasis and may help explain the ineffective TCA cycle that characterizes various pathological conditions and ageing.

Apr 26, 2010 · The glutamine-fueled TCA cycle results in generation of ATP, ROS, NADPH, amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids. We propose that feeding substrates to the TCA cycle through amino acids, as well as other sources such as fatty acid …

Jun 1, 2018 · Acetyl-CoA drives the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the mitochondria, generating reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH 2) that feed oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) executed by the electron transport chain (ETC); this process produces ATP as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS). The TCA cycle also provides biosynthetic precursors for fatty ...

It plays an important part in combatting cellular stress by modulating NADH/NADPH homeostasis, scavenging ROS (reactive oxygen species), producing ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, signaling and supplying metabolites to quell a range of cellular disruptions.

Oct 31, 2024 · In summary, the noncanonical TCA cycle plays a pivotal role in fostering canonical TCA cycle and protecting against mitochondrial ROS damage. Considering this, it is plausible that ACLY participates in DNA damage repair 43 and in fatty acid synthesis by …