The Quaternary period, 2.58 Ma to present, is characterized by multiple expansions and reductions in polar ice sheets. A key driver of Quaternary ice ages is the quasi-periodic change in the Earth's orbit on 22, 41, and 100 thousand-year timescales. Because the shifts in solar energy distribution across the Earth's surface are too weak to ...

Quaternary International is an international, peer-reviewed journal that embraces all aspects related to Quaternary Science. It is the official journal of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) and aims to publish high-quality and impactful articles covering significant advances across all disciplines related to Quaternary ...

Quaternary International is an international, peer-reviewed journal that embraces all aspects related to Quaternary Science. It is the official journal of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) and aims to publish high-quality and impactful articles covering significant advances … View full aims & scope

Quaternary Science Advances (QSA) is an international and fully Open Access journal supporting the rapid publication of peer-reviewed original research articles, short communications and review papers dealing with all aspects of Quaternary science. A companion title to the respected Quaternary … View full aims & scope

Jan 1, 2025 · Antimicrobials are widely used in daily life, including disinfection and antisepsis. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), recognized for their high efficacy and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, are most common ones recommended in clinical and environmental applications, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), cetylpyridinium chloride …

Dec 1, 2004 · It may be possible to “save” the Quaternary by defining it as a Subsystem of the Neogene. In doing so, it would be an opportune time to extend the base of the Quaternary to 2.6 Ma to encompass the time during which (1) Earth's climate has been strongly influenced by bi-polar glaciation, and (2) the genus Homo first appeared and evolved.

Jan 1, 2018 · The beginning of the Quaternary, the Early Pleistocene (2.6–0.8 Ma) was characterized by climatic fluctuations dominated by the 41 ka orbital precession cycle, during which relatively few cold periods were sufficiently cold and long to allow the development of substantial ice sheets. Only 14 of the 41 cold stages of that period currently show ...

Oct 5, 2015 · INQUA EC having canvassed its members declares that 1) the Quaternary must be full formal chronostratigraphic unit at the rank of Period, 2) the base of the Quaternary should be defined by the Gelasian Stage GSSP and 3) base of the Pleistocene should be lowered to 2.6 Ma, coincident with that of the Quaternary boundary, allowing for a 10-year ...

Apr 1, 2015 · Keywords: Quaternary; Pleistocene; Holocene; Anthropocene; GSSP Introduction In June, 2009, the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS EC) ratified a proposal to lower the bases of the Quaternary System and Pleistocene Series to that of the Gelasian Stage, with each now defined at their base by the global ...

Feb 15, 2020 · The regional climate changed to generally dry-cold conditions during late Quaternary (110–10 ka), that can be correlated to glacial cycles in the Tibetan Plateau. During the late Quaternary, especially after its Gonghe Movement (150 ka) uplift, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau had a significant impact on regional climate.