These new energetic binder systems offer energy output increases over conventional 'inert' non-energetic binder systems and are thus of important consequence to the ADF. This report outlines the most promising energetic polymers and plasticisers being considered by Defence forces around the world.

More narrowly, binders are liquid or dough-like substances that harden by a chemical or physical process and bind fibres, filler powder and other particles added into it. Examples include glue, adhesive and thickening. Examples of mechanical binders are bond stones in masonry and tie beams in timber framing.

The binder component of a propellant not only hold together the entire mixture as a solid component but also serves as a combustible fuel [1–3]. Usually, the binder is an inert component of the solid propellant that does not contribute to the overall propellant specific impulse.

For refractory application, amongst others, inorganic chemical binders are used to shape and process loose, unpacked materials. The binder influences the chemical composition within the ceramic body during setting, aging and firing and thus the finally reached properties of the refractory material.

Energetic binder systems confer energy output increases over conventional inert binder systems currently in use, and are thus of interest to the ADF. This report serves to characterise fully the physico- chemical properties of such energetic binder systems.

binders are polymers which contain explosophoric chemical groups such as nitro (C- NO2), nitramine (N-NOj), difluoroamino (-NFj), azido groups (N3), and nitrate esters (-ONO2). Incorporation of these binders in PBXs offers energy increases above those obtainable with inert binders like hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), without

Current polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) contain inert binder systems such as HTPB, and have limited explosive performance. Energetic binders alleviate this problem by confering additional energy to the munition, yet they also can offer improved insensitivity.

Currently, self-healing methods for ECMs mainly involve several dynamic chemistries (Figure 1). When ECMs are damaged, dynamic covalent or non-covalent bonds in the binders can be reconnected to repair cracks or defects. This review describes the research progress on intrinsic self-healing binders in ECMs systems.

binder (Figure 1). The binder component of a propellant not only hold together the entire mixture as a solid component but also serves as a combustible fuel [1– 3]. Usually, the binder is an inert component of the solid propellant that does not contribute to the overall pro-pellant specific impulse. Although the carbon backbone

A review by Asgar Pour et al. enabled insight into the extrusion procedure with binder as a new and emerging approach in shaping hierarchical zeolites conducted without binder [3]. This field...