In organic chemistry, indoxyl is a nitrogenous substance with the chemical formula: C 8 H 7 NO. [1] [2] Indoxyl is isomeric with oxindol and is obtained as an oily liquid.

Indoxyl sulfate, also known as 3-indoxylsulfate and 3-indoxylsulfuric acid, is a metabolite of dietary L-tryptophan that acts as a cardiotoxin and uremic toxin. [1] [2] [3] High concentrations of indoxyl sulfate in blood plasma are known to be associated with the development and progression of chronic kidney disease and vascular disease in humans.

Nov 30, 2016 · Indoxyl sulfate has been most frequently implicated as a contributor to renal disease progression and vascular disease. Studies have suggested that indoxyl sulfate also has adverse effects on bones and the central nervous system.

Indoxyl sulfate is one of the most extensively studied solutes that accumulates in the plasma when the kidneys fail. Originally called “indican,” it was first isolated by Obermayer and Popper in 1911 and noted to be present in high concentrations …

Indoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin, causes chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression via its tubulotoxicity. After cellular uptake, IS directly induces apoptotic and necrotic cell death of tubular cells.

Jan 7, 2025 · Indoxyl is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease), gout, acute non-articular rheumatism (bursitis, synovitis, tendinitis).

May 16, 2023 · Indoxyl sulfate is a protein-bound uremic toxin synthesized from indole that cannot be efficiently removed by the hemodialysis method and thus becomes a key risk factor for the progression of...

Oct 25, 2021 · Indoxyl sulfate (IS), results from the sulfonation of bacterially-derived indole via sulfotransferases in human liver 16; however, the rate of indoxyl sulfate production is driven by the...

Indoxyl is a member of the class of hydroxyindoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a member of hydroxyindoles and a heteroaryl hydroxy compound. 1H-Indol-3-ol has been reported in Isatis tinctoria and Haliclona oculata with data available.

Recently, the clinical and experimental evidences that support the toxic effects of indoxyl sulfate, a protein-bound uremic toxin in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, has been discussed. In this panorama, the authors described several in vitro ...