Oct 9, 2024 · In mammals, nine IRF members have been reported, 10 designated as IRF1 (also known as MAR), IRF2, IRF3, IRF4 (known alternatively as LSIRF/ICSAT/ PIP), IRF5, IRF6, IRF7, IRF8 (also termed as...

IRF3 is a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. [5] IRF3 was originally discovered as a homolog of IRF1 and IRF2 . IRF3 has been further characterized and shown to contain several functional domains including a nuclear export signal, a DNA-binding domain , a C-terminal IRF association domain and several ...

Jan 21, 2021 · Conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, IRF1 has been shown in recent years to mediate constitutive as well as inducible host defenses against a variety of viruses.

Mar 29, 2019 · Three family members, IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7, are critical to production of type I interferons downstream of pathogen recognition receptors that detect viral RNA and DNA. A fourth family member, IRF9, regulates interferon-driven gene expression.

Apr 17, 2015 · We present an extended crosstalk diagram of the IRF - NF-κB pathways. We conclude that members of the NF-κB family may directly impact regulation of IRF family, while IRF members impact regulation of NF-κB family rather indirectly, via other transcription factors such as …

IRF3 and IRF7 have multiple sites that—upon viral infection—are substrates for phosphorylation by the serine/threonine kinases TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IκB kinase ε (IKKε). Phosphorylation at these sites is required for the nuclear translocation of IRF3 and IRF7.

Sep 1, 2006 · Both IRF3 and IRF7 are activated by TBK1 (TANK (tumour-necrosis-factor-receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-family-member-associated nuclear factor (NF-κB) activator)-binding kinase 1), which...

Both type I IFN (IFN-I: IFNα, IFNβ, others) and type III IFN (IFN-III: IFNλ) cause tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2, the resulting heterodimer forms an ISRE-dependent complex with IRF9 called ISGF3.

May 20, 2024 · IRF3 is located in the cytosol and undergoes activation and nuclear translocation in response to various signals, including stimulation of Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors and the...

Immunity to viruses requires an array of critical cellular proteins that include IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Consequently, most viruses that infect vertebrates encode proteins that interfere with IRF3 activation. This review describes the cellular pathways linked to IRF3 activation and where those pathways are targeted by human viral pathogens.