HMGB1 can bind to TLRs and other PRRs to activate the TLR signaling pathway and induce cytokine production and immune cell proliferation, promoting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and eliciting inflammatory responses.

In primary macrophages from knockout mice, HMGB1 activates significantly less TNF release in cells obtained from MyD88 and TLR4 knockout mice as compared with cells from TLR2 knockout and wild-type controls.

Recent studies suggest that HMGB1 via Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways can trigger inflammatory responses and play an important role in epilepsy. In addition, studies of HMGB1 have shown its potential in the treatment of epilepsy.

Neutralizing antibody binds HMGB1 preventing its interaction with receptors suggesting that ethanol released HMGB1 contributes to ethanol induction of IL-1β. We used small inhibitory mRNA to knockdown expression of HMGB1 or TLR4, a key TLR in …

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding protein that possesses cytokinelike, proinflammatory properties when released extracellularly in the C23–C45 disulfide form. HMGB1 also plays a key role as a mediator of acute and chronic inflammation in models of sterile injury.

May 10, 2018 · We investigated the interactions of HMGB1 isoforms (redox state) or HMGB1 fragments (A- and B-box) with TLR4/MD-2 complex using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies.

In response to bacterial endotoxin (e.g., LPS) or endogenous proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF and IL-1β), innate immune cells release HMGB1, a late cytokine mediator of lethal endotoxemia and sepsis.

May 1, 2012 · HMGB1 forms complexes with various Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands of LPS and CpG, enhancing their cytokine-inducing function. In this study, we demonstrated that HMGB1 binds to TLR3 both directly and indirectly in cooperation with poly (I:C), using immunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance assays.

Oct 10, 2016 · Infectious and sterile inflammatory diseases are correlated with increased levels of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in tissues and serum. Extracellular HMGB1 is known to activate toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4 and RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) in inflammatory conditions.

Jun 21, 2021 · Here we report that the involvement of HMGB1 in anti-cancer immune evasion is determined by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, which recognises HMGB1 as a ligand. We found that HGMB1 induces TLR4-mediated production of transforming growth factor beta type 1 (TGF-β), displaying autocrine/paracrine activities.