The spinal cord is divided into 4 functional regions: (1) C1 to C5, (2) C6 to T2, (3) T3 to L3, and (4) L4 to S3. A lesion in the C1 to C5 or C6 to T2 spinal cord segment results in tetraparesis …

In the dog, these are: cervical (C1–5: neck), cervical intumescence (C6–T2: thoracic limbs), thoracolumbar (T3–L3: trunk), lumbosacral intumescence (L4–S3: pelvic limbs and pelvic …

Motor, sensory, reflex, and sphincter abnormalities may be used to determine the location of a lesion within one of four major longitudinal divisions of the spinal cord: cervical (C1 to C5 …

Primary differentials for large-breed dogs with C1 to C5 lesions are intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), cervical spondylomyelopathy, and spinal neoplasia, mainly meningiomas. Trauma is …

Nov 1, 2009 · Scoliosis and torticollis may occur with central spinal cord lesions from C1-C5 with disorders such as Syringo hydromyelia. Root signature may also be seen, but this finding is …

Atlanto-axial luxations must be considered in dogs with a lesion localized from the C1 to C5 spinal cord after suffering suspected trauma; it is important to minimize cervical flexion in these dogs. …

In contrast to forebrain and brainstem lesions, mentation and cranial nerves in C1-C5 lesions are normal; however, an ipsilateral Horner syndrome is possible. Lesions affecting primarily the …

Apr 1, 2008 · In the tetraparetic dog, the lesion localization will be differentiated by these findings. The C1-5 lesion can be separated from the C6-T2 lesion and both can be separated from the …

Jul 18, 2016 · The diagnosis of atlantoaxial subluxation should be considered for all dogs with C1-C5 lesion localizations, especially young toy breeds. Differential diagnoses for this condition in …

Apr 1, 2022 · CCS in dogs may be seen with lesions in the C1-C5 and C6-T2 spinal cord segments. Etiologies are variable. Total or partial improvement was achieved in most dogs …