In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex or multimer formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound.

Nov 9, 2021 · A D-dimer test is a blood test that measures D-dimer, which is a protein fragment that your body makes when a blood clot dissolves in your body. D-dimer is normally undetectable or only detectable at a very low level unless your body …

However, dimerization provides two advantages to the thermophilic enzyme: it protects its structure against denaturation by reducing thermal fluctuations and it provides a less negative activation entropy, toning down the increase of the activation free energy with temperature.

Protein dimerization plays a key role in many biological processes. Most cellular events such as enzyme activation, transcriptional cofactor recruitment, signal transduction, and even pathogenic pathways are significantly regulated via protein-protein interactions.

Aug 10, 2023 · Understanding why many enzymes are in their dimeric form is imperative. Recent developments in experimental and computational techniques have allowed for a deeper comprehension of the cooperative interactions between the subunits of dimeric enzymes.

Jan 20, 2017 · Crystallographic and spectroscopic signatures of the apo-enzyme, Michaelis complex, covalent intermediate, and product-bound dimer reveal a subtle structural asymmetry.

Here, we examine two homodimeric enzymes for which crystallography suggests cooperative motions related to ligand binding: the human scavenger decapping enzyme DcpS (EC 3.6.1.59) and mammalian (S)-citrate synthase (CS; EC 2.3.3.1).

Oct 6, 2016 · Recent structural and biophysical studies show that protein dimerization or oligomerization is a key factor in the regulation of proteins such as enzymes, ion channels, receptors and transcription factors.

Nov 12, 2024 · Enzyme-substrate interactions: Dimers can act as enzymes, recognition elements or substrates, facilitating biological reactions. Receptor-ligand interactions: Dimers can form between receptors and ligands, modulating cellular signaling pathways and …

Protein dimers can be built from equal or different domains. Many proteins occur as homo dimers, with two identical domains binding to each other. The distinction between homo dimers and hetero dimers can be made on various levels, such as sequence level, family level, or superfamily level.