Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) and DRD plus are diseases of the dopamine pathway with sizeable genetic diversity and myriad presentations. DRD has onset in childhood or adolescence with focal dystonia, commonly affecting lower limb, diurnal fluctuations with evening worsening of symptoms and a demon …

Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) has a classic presentation of childhood or adolescent-onset dystonia, mild parkinsonism, marked diurnal fluctuations, improvement with sleep or rest, and a dramatic and sustained response to low doses of L-dopa …

DRD-plus is a term used in reference to young-onset cases in which l-dopa–responsive dystonia includes motor or nonmotor symptoms beyond those expected for classic DRD. 5,7 Atypical features include psychomotor retardation, progressive encephalopathy, microcephaly, hypotonia, spasticity, eating disorders, epilepsy, sleep disorders ...

DRD-plus is also re-defined as a group of non-neurodegenerative disorders by genetic defects involving nigrostriatal dopaminergic system with dopa-responsiveness ‘plus’ additional features (namely, DRD-plus phenotype) that are not seen in DRD.

Feb 7, 2025 · Drd Plus Capsule SR is a combination medicine used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (Acid reflux). It works by relieving the symptoms of acidity such as heartburn, stomach pain, or irritation. It also neutralizes the acid and promotes easy passage of gas to reduce stomach discomfort.

Jun 6, 2016 · Dopamine agonists are considered first-line treatment for patients who have DRD-plus caused by AADC deficiency, and it is a second-line treatment for those who have DRD-plus caused by deficiencies in AR GCH-1, PTPS, and DHPR.

May 24, 2018 · Previously, we defined DRD as a syndrome of selective nigrostriatal dopamine deficiency caused by genetic defects in the dopamine synthetic pathway without nigral cell loss. DRD-plus also has the same etiologic background with DRD, but DRD-plus patients have more severe features that are not seen in …

Jun 6, 2016 · The aim of this review is to help guide clinicians with planning treatment for patients with DRD and DRD-plus. It is important to recognize the features of DRD and DRD-plus, because many of them have a good clinical response to the appropriate treatment.

Abstract: Background: Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) and DRD-plus are inherited metabolic disorders of the dopamine synthetic pathway that have considerable clinical, biochemical, and genetic heterogeneity.

Dopa‐responsive dystonia (DRD) and DRD‐plus are inherited metabolic disorders of the dopamine synthetic pathway that have considerable clinical, biochemical, and genetic heterogeneity. Dopamine is the main deficient neurotransmitter; however, a ...