Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), the first widely adopted optogenetic tool, is also a blue light activated cation channel. ChR2 is preferred over ChR1 because ChR2 has higher conductance at physiological pH and trafficks well to the membrane.

Sep 27, 2021 · The blue, green and red color emissions can be separately tuned by switching excitation wavelength to match respective spectral profiles of optogenetic proteins ChR2, C1V1 and ChrimsonR, which...

ChETA：ChR2的突变体，使得神经元在激光刺激下可以发放200Hz的spike，而其他的ChR2 通道蛋白只能达到40Hz； 5. C1V1： 由ChR1及由团藻发现的VChR1组合在一起的通道蛋白，在红色激光刺激下打开通道， 该通道蛋白类型更利于双光子激发；

Nov 11, 2012 · We tested C1V1 T and C1V1 T/T in slice, given their improved frequency response compared with that of C1V1, and confirmed the potent responses to 1,040-nm light that had been seen in culture...

There are two versions of the ChR2 sequence, one containing the wildtype sequence and another containing condons optimized for mammalian expression (hChR2). In-frame fusions to mCherry or EYFP are available to make visualization of ChR2-expressing cells easier.

Sep 1, 2013 · We engineered a variant of ChR, denoted red-activatable ChR (ReaChR), that is optimally excited with orange to red light (λ ∼ 590–630 nm) and offers improved membrane trafficking, higher...

Oct 3, 2012 · Here, we establish the green-light activated ChR chimera C1V1 (from Chlamydomonas and Volvox ChR1′s) for use in C. elegans. We surveyed a number of red-shifted ChRs, and found that C1V1-ET/ET (E122T; E162T) works most reliable in C. elegans, with 540–580 nm excitation, which leaves ChR2 silent.

Sep 15, 2017 · In 2011, C1V1 enabled the first red light–driven spiking as well as in vivo combinatorial optogenetics [two populations separably controlled with red and blue light ], which allowed the long-sought demonstration in mouse experiments a causal role for excitation-inhibition balance in governing gamma oscillations and social behavior .

The C1V1 channel—comprised of Chlamydomonas and Volvox ChR1 domains and containing the E122T/E162T mutations that speed up the photocycle 15 —and ReaChR 20 possess an extended activation spectrum toward the redshifted wavelengths, but responded almost equally well to 405- and 488-nm light and had maximal photocurrents of ∼ 600 pA [Figs. 3 ...

C1V1 T narrowly outperformed other members of the C1V1 family by this measure, consistent with high functional expression (Fig. 1b) and an approximately threefold-increased τ off relative to that of ChR2 HR (Fig. 1d,e) 41, although all C1V1 variants outperformed ChR2 HR.