This article surveys the historical development of cement, its manufacture from raw materials, its composition and properties, and the testing of those properties. The focus is on portland cement, but attention also is given to other types, such as slag …

Feb 26, 2025 · portland cement, binding material in the form of a finely ground powder, usually gray, that is manufactured by burning and grinding a mixture of limestone and clay or limestone and shale.

Mar 19, 2025 · Concrete, in construction, structural material consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance, known as aggregate (usually sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water. Learn more about concrete, including its history and uses.

White cement is used on concrete to make guidelines on highways and streets, for light-reflecting floors and walls in industrial plants, and for building decoration. By adding color pigments before final grinding, cements can be made almost any color.

Cement - Ancient, Roman, Production: The origin of hydraulic cements goes back to ancient Greece and Rome. The materials used were lime and a volcanic ash that slowly reacted with it in the presence of water to form a hard mass.

Cement - Composition, Properties, Major Cements: Portland cement is made up of four main compounds: tricalcium silicate (3CaO · SiO2), dicalcium silicate (2CaO · SiO2), tricalcium aluminate (3CaO · Al2O3), and a tetra-calcium aluminoferrite (4CaO · Al2O3Fe2O3).

Pozzolana, hydraulic cement, perfected by the Romans and still used in some countries, made by grinding a material of volcanic origin with powdered hydrated lime. The material contributed to the evolution of new architectural forms in such monumental constructions as the Pantheon and the Baths of Caracalla.

The fine powder called cement is one of the main ingredients of concrete. When cement combines with water it becomes a paste. This paste is used to hold together all of the other materials that make up concrete. In ancient times people used clay or a paste made of ground-up stone and other ingredients to hold their buildings together.

Pozzolanic cements are mixtures of portland cement and a pozzolanic material that may be either natural or artificial. The natural pozzolanas are mainly materials of volcanic origin but include some diatomaceous earths.

Feb 1, 2025 · High-alumina cement gains a high proportion of its ultimate strength within 24 hours and has a high resistance to chemical attack. It also can be used in refractory linings for furnaces. A white form of the cement, containing minimal proportions of iron oxide and silica, has outstanding refractory properties. Expanding and nonshrinking cements