Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) is excited by blue light and permits nonspecific cation influx into the cell when stimulated. Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), the first widely adopted optogenetic tool, is also a blue light activated cation channel.

There are two versions of the ChR2 sequence, one containing the wildtype sequence and another containing condons optimized for mammalian expression (hChR2). In-frame fusions to mCherry or EYFP are available to make visualization of ChR2-expressing cells easier.

Chimeric channelrhodopsins have been developed by combining transmembrane helices from ChR1 and VChR1, leading to the development of ChRs with red spectral shifts (such as C1V1 and ReaChR).

ChETA：ChR2的突变体，使得神经元在激光刺激下可以发放200Hz的spike，而其他的ChR2 通道蛋白只能达到40Hz； 5. C1V1： 由ChR1及由团藻发现的VChR1组合在一起的通道蛋白，在红色激光刺激下打开通道， 该通道蛋白类型更利于双光子激发；

Sep 1, 2013 · We engineered a variant of ChR, denoted red-activatable ChR (ReaChR), that is optimally excited with orange to red light (λ ∼ 590–630 nm) and offers improved membrane trafficking, higher...

Sep 15, 2017 · The second trace shows red photon-spike transduction arising from a redshifted ChR found in nature and then engineered for stronger, more redshifted performance (C1V1).

Sep 27, 2021 · The second is about protein chromatic selectivity, we address the spectral overlap between ChrimsonR and ChR2/C1V1 by trimming light intensities to give an independent activation.

Nov 11, 2012 · We tested C1V1 T and C1V1 T/T in slice, given their improved frequency response compared with that of C1V1, and confirmed the potent responses to 1,040-nm light that had been seen in culture...

（1） ChR2 （H134R）：视紫红质通道蛋白2（Channelrhodopsin-2，ChR2）的一种突变体，属于光控阳离子通道，在蓝光（最佳激活波长450nm）的激发下打开阳离子通道，使胞外阳离子内流。与ChR2相比，ChR2（H134R）的光敏感性较高，通道关闭速度较慢，因此增加了光电信号 ...

Oct 3, 2012 · Here, we establish the green-light activated ChR chimera C1V1 (from Chlamydomonas and Volvox ChR1′s) for use in C. elegans. We surveyed a number of red-shifted ChRs, and found that C1V1-ET/ET (E122T; E162T) works most reliable in C. elegans, with 540–580 nm excitation, which leaves ChR2 silent.