Aug 29, 2023 · Jawless vertebrates possess an alternative adaptive immune system in which antigens are recognized by variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) generated by combinatorial assembly of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) cassettes. Three types of receptors, VLRA, VLRB, and VLRC, have been previously identified.

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Dec 14, 2021 · Lymphocytes that express VLRA or VLRC are T cell-like, while VLRB-expressing cells are B cell-like. Here, we analyze the composition of the VLRB locus in different jawless vertebrates to elucidate its configuration and evolutionary modification.

Dec 9, 2021 · Jawless vertebrates, lampreys and hagfish, use three types of variable leucine-rich repeat proteins as antigen receptors: VLRB on B-like cells and VLRA or VLRC on T-like lymphocytes.

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Dec 8, 2021 · VLRA and VLRC are expressed respectively by T-like cells that resemble the TCRαβ+ and TCR γδ+ cells in jawed vertebrates, whereas VLRB is expressed by B-like cells, which respond to antigen stimulation by prolif-eration and differentiation into mature plasma cells that secrete multivalent VLRB antibodies (17–19).

Instead of TCRs and BCRs, they use variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) as antigen receptors. Cytidine deaminases of the activation-induced deaminase (AID)/apolipoprotein B mRNA editing complex (APOBEC) are present in all vertebrates.

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