Sep 19, 2010 · We used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from HEK 293 cells transfected with a plasmid encoding GFP-tagged mutant of ChR2 (ChR2(H134R)-GFP) to measure ionic currents through ChR2...

Sep 1, 2024 · We specifically examined the D156H-T159S ChR2 variant, which demonstrated a tail current that was somewhat responsive to light and voltage, with a single-channel current of around 9fA, similar to wt-ChR2 as determined by stationary noise analysis.

Aug 24, 2024 · Here, we report that two channelrhodopsins, ChR2 and KCR1, exhibit distinctive light-activation behaviors with exogenous ATR or endogenous retinal in human HEK293T cells. Significantly, we...

Nov 24, 2017 · The light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a major optogenetic tool. Photon absorption starts a well-characterized photocycle, but the structural basis ...

Apr 12, 2021 · Optogenetic tools such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) enable the manipulation and mapping of neural circuits. However, ChR2 variants selectively transported down a neuron’s long-range axonal...

Sep 8, 2014 · Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is a microbial-type rhodopsin that can be genetically expressed to depolarize neurons with light. Thereby, this “optogenetic tool” delivers cellular specificity and elegant options for studying the neuronal basis of behavior in intact organisms.

May 1, 2014 · ChR2 forms a dimer with protomers, interacting through helices C and D. The formation of a stable dimer by ChR2 was also indicated in previous experiments [57] but the functional relevance of this arrangement, if any, remains unclear.

Aug 24, 2010 · Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-activated channels from algae that provide these organisms with fast sensors to visible light for phototaxis. Since its discovery, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has been used as a research tool to depolarize membranes of excitable cells with light.

The 293T cell line, originally referred as 293tsA1609neo, is a highly transfectable derivative of human embryonic kidney 293 cells, and contains the SV40 T-antigen. This cell line is competent to replicate vectors carrying the SV40 region of replication. It gives high titers when used to produce retroviruses.

Jan 18, 2008 · For the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of ChR2, we will address central questions with the proposed photocycle as a starting state. The ground state of ChR2 has to be further characterized with respect to the retinal isomers and …