The cycle of abuse includes four stages—tension building, abuse, reconciliation, and calm—that allow abusers to control their victims through fear and manipulation. This pattern can trap victims and ...

Here, we chart the evolution of the science of optical refrigeration in rare-earth-doped solids and semiconductors from its origins through to the present day. There are several factors that limit ...

Ammonia, used in fertilizer, is essential to our lives. Addis Energy is trying to make the chemical underground. Forget massive steel tanks—some scientists want to make chemicals with the help ...

This causes a buildup of ammonia in the blood that eventually travels to the brain, causing confusion and disorientation. Sometimes, it may also result in a coma or death. Urea cycle disorders: The ...

Roughly three-quarters of our food passes through some kind of refrigeration on its journey from harvest to supermarket. Yet our understanding of that journey, the "cold chain" process ...