The findings not only deepen our understanding of chloroplast endosymbiosis—the process by which ancient bacteria became ...

Specialized transporters in the outer chloroplast membrane must convey these proteins into the chloroplast. A paper in Science Advances by Gyeong Mee Yoon, associate professor of botany and plant ...

Coding sequences for the majority of chloroplast proteins have been lost, so these proteins are now encoded by the nuclear genome, synthesized in the cytoplasm, and transported from the cytoplasm ...

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