Ancient microbes illustrate a particular kind of respiration in which carbon dioxide and hydrogen are combined to form acetic ...

The whole pathway is pure chemistry ... which certainly lacked such sophisticated protein machinery as the ATP synthase. There are a few possible abiotic mechanisms, presently under scrutiny ...

In a recent study published in Nature, researchers from the United States of America investigated how cells separate competing metabolic pathways ... triphosphate (ATP) synthase, and the other ...