Two teams competed: Northrop Grumman with the YF-23 and Lockheed Martin with the YF-22, which would become the F-22 Raptor.

But they could start with the proven YF-23 instead. In the final decade of the titanic ideological struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union that defined the last half of the ...

Chief configuration designer for the YF-23, Northrop’s contender for the Air Force’s Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) competition won by Lockheed’s F-22, Cummings continues to be active in ...