According to Sima Qian, the Xia was overthrown when its 17th ruler, the tyrannical King Jie, was defeated in battle by Cheng Tang, ruler of the state of Shang (which Sima Qian calls Yin ...

but later it entered into rivalry with the Song and its rulers assumed the imperial title in confrontation with Song. Even more so, they mingled culturally and the Western Xia practiced the Tang ...