Varicose veins are an early manifestation of chronic venous insufficiency. Although the risk factors associated with varicose veins are well described, the basic pathophysiology leading to venous ...

Vein ligation and stripping is a minor surgery. It is used to remove a damaged vein and prevent complications of vein damage. If several valves in a vein and the vein itself are heavily damaged, the ...

As described above, the underlying pathologic process behind the formation of varicose veins lies within both deep and superficial reflux. Conventional teaching suggests that the underlying ...