Activation of NF-κB is triggered by all TLRs from the plasma membrane and endosome, whereas TLR-induced IRF3 (TLR3 and TLR4) and IRF7 (TLR7–9) activation is initiated only from the endosome.

Jean-Laurent Casanova and colleagues report in Science a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) deficiency in two children with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) encephalitis (HSE), and identify autosomal ...