This produces large amounts of type 1 helper T (TH1)- cell-inducing cytokines through a specific interaction with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which acts as an intrinsic adjuvant. The vaccine ...

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells can be activated with viral and bacterial DNA via TLR9. Activated pDCs promote generation of both Th1/Th17 cells [46,76,87,92] and Tregs [104,105]. IFN-β treatment ...