Ishii and colleagues now reveal that TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1) mediates the adjuvant effect of DNA vaccines and that this effect occurs independently of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) signalling ...

These are called the TLR3/4 and TBK1-IRF3 pathways. The professor explained that this activation leads to the production of the interleukin-33 (IL-33) protein which stimulates inflammation in the ...