Quarks are the reason protons have a positive charge. Each quark has a fraction of an electric charge. A proton has two up quarks and a down quark. Up quarks have a +2/3 charge, and down quarks have a ...

Why matter dominates over antimatter in our universe has long been a major cosmic mystery to physicists. A new finding by the ...

As if atoms weren’t already mind-blowingly small, never mind subatomic particles, CERN researchers in the CMS Collaboration were sifting through data from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and ...

Known as the toponium, this is a composite particle consisting of quark-antiquark pairs of the top quark. A type of fundamental particle, quarks make up protons and neutrons—the components of ...

Top observation CERN’s ATLAS experiment has confirmed that heavy quark–antiquark pairs are created in the collision of lead ions. (Courtesy: CERN/ATLAS Collaboration) Physicists working on the ATLAS ...

But what makes up a carbon atom—or any other atom ... This changed in 1963 when American physicist Murray Gell-Mann proposed his quark theory. Gell-Mann believed that each proton and each ...

High-energy collisions between protons at the LHC routinely produce top quark–antiquark pairs (tt-bar). Measuring the probability, or cross section, of tt-bar production is both an important ...

An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons and is often described as a helium nucleus. It is not the same as a helium atom as it does not contain any electrons but it is written ...