OBJECTIVE: Right-to-left shunting across a patent foramen ovale may occur in acute respiratory distress syndrome as a result of pulmonary hypertension and positive-pressure mechanical ventilation.

Alternatively, a PFO can act as a sensitizer of neurons to respond to any trigger with the initiation of a cortical spreading depression wave. Chronic shunting may repetitively expose occipital ...

By contrast with previous studies that indicated a link between the severity of cardiac shunt on TCD ultrasonography and the occurrence of migraine, 5 Garg et al. observed that there was no ...