Modern dairy cows are milk-producing powerhouses—some yielding more than 50 kg a day. But all that productivity comes at a ...

Cows lined up to be milked at the Heeg Brothers Dairy, a 3,300-acre farm in Colby, Wis., with 28 total milking stalls arranged in two parallel rows.

On average, cows enter the stall every eight hours to be milked, though timing can fluctuate depending on when each cow is ready to release its milk. “In that stall is a robotic milking arm.

Researchers have identified various distinctive immune cells in cow's milk, creating potential avenues for enhancing animal health and milk production—as detailed in a study in Animal Nutriomics.