In logic, conventional systems have long been regarded as the foundation of rational thought. But one puzzle questions their ...

A paradox is a seemingly untrue or contradictory statement that, when investigated further, may prove to be true. Paradoxes can also take the form of philosophical riddles or images that appear to ...

Carl C. Hempel, a leading figure in the “logical positivist” school and now a professor of philosophy at Princeton University, discovered another astonishing probability paradox. Ever since he ...

In “Reversible dynamics with closed time-like curves and freedom of choice,” Tobar and Costa say they found a middle ground in mathematics that solves a major logical paradox in one model of ...

Among those question types, paradox questions tend to be relatively difficult but uncommon. They are one of the few examples of logical reasoning questions in which the prompt does not provide or ...

An introduction to modal and many-valued logics, with emphasis on philosophical motivation through a study of applications and paradoxes. Reading: PP, selections from Chs. 11-12.