Waste from making aluminum —198 million tons of this mud is generated each year, per Max-Planck — contains up to 60% iron oxide. The slurry is melted with an electric arc furnace, and hydrogen ...

Its vivid color comes from iron oxides, but its real threat lies ... The sheer volume of waste has made red mud one of the world’s largest industrial byproducts, posing a persistent challenge ...

For every tonne of useful alumina produced from raw bauxite ore, refineries generate up to two tonnes of highly alkaline and saline ‘red mud’ waste, which is hostile to almost anything that ...