Predation, herbivory, and parasitism are specific types of antagonistic interactions. In predation, one organism kills and consumes another. Predation provides energy to prolong the life and ...

Are plants passive victims or do they actively resist these attacks? Some plants avoid herbivory by decreasing their apparency or ‘hiding' from herbivores in spatial or temporal refuges.

Streetlights are brightening our nights, but they’re dimming the prospects for insects. The increasing levels of artificial ...

Once located, he caged one seedling in each pair to protect it from deer herbivory; the other was used as a control. Dirzo established 75 such pairings for three predominant oak species.