Precision spectroscopy of helium and other atomic systems is a vital area of research in modern physics, particularly in testing fundamental theories like quantum electrodynamics (QED).

This solution is then injected into a stream of gas, usually helium. This gas in turn is forced ... fragments is then measured and the resulting graph is analysed to identify exactly what ...

as well as their potential applications in spectroscopy and cluster formation. One significant area of research involves the use of helium nanodroplets as a medium for studying molecular ions.