Two teams competed: Northrop Grumman with the YF-23 and Lockheed Martin with the YF-22, which would become the F-22 Raptor.

Why was the F-22 considered superior to the very capable, stealthy YF-23? Exact answers are unlikely to be found as there were likely many variables informing this kind of decision, yet a ...

Chief configuration designer for the YF-23, Northrop’s contender for the Air Force’s Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) competition won by Lockheed’s F-22, Cummings continues to be active in ...