New research has revealed that birds, reptiles, and mammals have developed complex brain circuits independently, despite sharing a common ancestor. These findings challenge the traditional view of ...

cell walls allow plants to have rigid structures as varied as wood trunks and supple leaves; and vacuoles allow plant cells to change size. What Is the Origin of Chloroplasts? Like mitochondria ...

Scientists found that evolution led bird and mammal brains to evolve separately, using different genetic instructions.

Researchers have discovered a new type of neuron that plays a fundamental role in recognition memory -- how the brain registers the difference between new and familiar objects and forms long-term ...

Channels in plant cell walls, called plasmodesmata ... two proteins that help form tube-like endoplasmic membrane in mammalian cells. "We showed that these proteins are similar to the highly ...