In comparison to qualitative defenses, quantitative defenses are generally effective against all herbivores but require larger doses. As a result, these compounds are typically mass produced and ...

All giant herbivores trample vegetation and riverbanks and are key players in nutrient cycling thanks to the vast quantities of feces they produce. They can also help disperse seeds and generate a ...

All species in the food webs can be distinguished into basal species (autotrophs, such as plants), intermediate species (herbivores and intermediate level carnivores, such as grasshopper and ...

Before Homo sapiens arrived, Europe's forests were not dense and dark but shaped by open and light-rich woodland landscapes. Researchers have analyzed 917 native forest plant species in Central and ...

This suggests that dense forests only became widespread after humans eliminated the large herbivores. "Our results provide strong evidence that the closed-forest model commonly used in restoration ...