Welsh was actively discouraged in schools by means including the hated Welsh Not. The mid-19th century was a turbulent period in Welsh history. Popular risings and riots broke out across the country.

This happened in England also, but as Nonconformity was much stronger in Wales, disestablishment became a distinctly Welsh national cause. In the first half of the 19th century a new chapel was ...

The reality of Welsh nationality in the mid 19th century While recognition was slight, substance was undeniable. The primary marker of the 19th- century Welsh was language. Although no census ...

In order to improve pupils' knowledge of the English language, the Welsh education system of the late 19th century employed the 'Welsh Not' or 'Welsh Stick' as a method of discouraging children ...